Research is a process of inquiry that uses a generally agreed upon set of procedures to answer questions. Beginning with a review, prior research is used to frame questions. Once established, a plan is developed and executed to gather and analyze the data necessary to answer these questions.

In social research, the processes for gathering and analyzing data typically fall into two paradigms – qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative paradigm uses probabilistic sampling and data collection methods such as surveying and gathering institutional records. These methods allow for the quantification of data and focuses on ensuring validity and reliability. Analysis plans focus on the use of statistics and range from simple procedures of identifying difference between groups to more complex analyses involving prediction and explanation. The qualitative paradigm relies on purposeful sampling, seeking to explore an individual’s experience in the context of an event. Data are normally collected through a variety of means ranging from interviews and focus groups, to observations and ethnographies. Analysis plans in qualitative research focus heavily on researcher interpretation of data and involve a process of refining interpretations in subsequent analyses.